Stephen M. HAWKINS, Plaintiff, v. COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON, Defendant No. 2:12–cv–384–DCN. United States District Court, D. South Carolina, Charleston Division November 15, 2013 Counsel Pheobe A. Clark, Wukela Law Firm, Florence, SC, for Plaintiff. Bob J. Conley, Joshua Drew Cagle, Cleveland Law, Caroline Wrenn Cleveland, Caroline Wrenn Cleveland Law Office Norton, David C., United States District Judge ORDER *1 This matter is before the court on Magistrate Judge Bruce Hendricks's Report and Recommendation (“R & R”) that this court deny defendant College of Charleston's motion to dismiss for spoliation of evidence. College of Charleston filed written objections to the R & R. For the reasons set forth below, the court accepts the R & R and denies the motion to dismiss. I. BACKGROUND Plaintiff Stephen Hawkins is a male living with cystic fibrosis and depression. Compl. ¶ 4. From fall 2009 until his eviction from campus housing, Hawkins was enrolled in the College of Charleston (“the College”) as a student receiving room and board. Id. While enrolled as a student, the College, through its agents, discovered that Hawkins may have been cutting himself. Id . ¶ 6. Margaret Travis, the resident hall director, prepared three incident reports regarding Hawkins and his behavior, which raised questions about his fitness to live in resident housing. Pl.'s Resp. in Opp'n to Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss 2–3. On February 10, 2010, after receiving complaints from other students about being uncomfortable living with Hawkins and after Hawkins had been transported to the hospital by EMS on January 31, 2010 and February 9, 2010, the College evicted Hawkins from campus housing. Pl.'s Resp. 4. The vice president of student affairs upheld the decision on February 12, 2010. Pl.'s Resp. Ex. G. As a result, Hawkins lost his scholarships and withdrew from the College. Compl. ¶ 13. Hawkins filed suit against the College on February 2, 2012, alleging discrimination in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.[1] On March 1, 2013, the College moved the court to dismiss Hawkins's claims because of spoliation of evidence. Hawkins responded on March 18, 2013, and the College replied on March 28, 2013. The magistrate judge filed an R & R on September 17, 2013, recommending that the College's motion to dismiss be denied. The College filed objections on October 2, 2013. Hawkins replied to the College's objections on October 21, 2013. The matter is now ripe for the court's review. II. STANDARD OF REVIEW This court is charged with conducting a de novo review of any portion of the magistrate judge's R & R to which specific, written objections are made. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). A party's failure to object is accepted as agreement with the conclusions of the magistrate judge. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 149–50, 106 S.Ct. 466, 88 L.Ed.2d 435 (1985). In absence of a timely filed objection to a magistrate judge's R & R, this court need not conduct a de novo review, but instead must “only satisfy itself that there is no clear error on the face of the record in order to accept the recommendation.” Diamond v. Colonial Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 416 F.3d 310, 315 (4th Cir.2005) (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 72 advisory committee's note). The recommendation of the magistrate judge carries no presumptive weight, and the responsibility to make a final determination rests with this court. Mathews v. Weber, 423 U.S. 261, 270–71, 96 S.Ct. 549, 46 L.Ed.2d 483 (1976). This court may accept, reject, or modify the report of the magistrate judge, in whole or in part, or may recommit the matter to her with instructions for further consideration. 28 U .S.C. § 636(b)(1). III. DISCUSSION *2 The College objects to the R & R on four grounds: (1) the magistrate judge erred in concluding that Hawkins's duty to preserve did not arise in February 2010; (2) the magistrate judge erred in failing to recognize that Hawkins's intentional destruction of evidence was performed in bad faith; (3) the magistrate judge erred in concluding that Hawkins's intentional evidence destruction did not deprive the College of the opportunity to adequately defend itself against Hawkins's claims; and (4) the magistrate judge erred in concluding that lesser sanctions, other than dismissal, are sufficient to address and remedy Hawkins's intentional destruction of evidence. Def.'s Objections 1–2. Spoliation is the “destruction or material alteration of evidence or ... the failure to preserve property for another's use as evidence in pending or reasonably foreseeable litigation.” Silvestri v. General Motors Corp., 271 F.3d 583, 590 (4th Cir.2001) (citing West v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 167 F.3d 766, 779 (2d Cir.1999)). This court's ability to impose sanctions for spoliation stems from its “inherent power to control the judicial process and litigation.” Id.The power is “limited to that necessary to redress conduct ‘which abuses the judicial process.’ “ Id. (quoting Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 45–46, 111 S.Ct. 2123, 115 L.Ed.2d 27 (1991)). Accordingly, “the applicable sanction should be molded to serve the prophylactic, punitive, and remedial rationales underlying the spoliation doctrine.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). The court has “broad discretion in choosing an appropriate sanction” and the court's decision is reviewed on appeal for abuse of discretion. Id. A party bringing a motion for sanction based on spoliation bears the burden of establishing three independent elements before the court may determine which sanction, if any, is appropriate. These elements are: (1) that the party having control over the evidence had an obligation to preserve it at the time it was destroyed; (2) that the records were destroyed with a culpable state of mind; and (3) that the destroyed evidence was relevant to the party's claim or defense such that a reasonable trier of fact could find that it would support that claim or defense. Cytec Carbon Fibers, LLC v. Hopkins, No. 2:11–cv–0217, 2012 WL 6044778, at *2 (D.S.C. Oct.22, 2012) (citing Residential Funding Corp. v. DeGeorge Fin. Corp., 306 F.3d 99, 107–108 (2d Cir.2002)). “If spoliation has occurred, then a court may impose a variety of sanctions, ranging from dismissal or judgment by default, preclusion of evidence, imposition of an adverse inference, or assessment of attorney's fees and costs.” Goodman v. Praxair Servs., Inc., 632 F.Supp.2d 494, 506 (D.Md.2009). Dismissal is “severe and constitutes the ultimate sanction for spoliation.” Silvestri, 271 F.3d at 593. There are three alleged incidents of spoliation, all involving Hawkins's Facebook account. Hawkins was an avid Facebook user during the time he was a student at the College and remains so today. Pl.'s Dep. 275:12–18. He discussed his depression, his anxiety, and his alleged disability on Facebook during the time he attended the College. Pl.'s Dep. 338:10–17. *3 The first incident of spoliation occurred over “several days” between “March to late June” 2010. Def.'s Mot. 2–3; Pl.'s Dep. 324:15–325:22. During this time, Hawkins admitted to intentionally deleting all content, including conversations, for the time that he attended the College. Pl.'s Dep. 322:4–11, 323:21–324:14. Second, the College alleges that Hawkins deleted private messages from early 2012 through October 29, 2012 at some point before the College received access to his Facebook account in October 2012. Def.'s Mot. 5. Finally, the College alleges that sometime before February 2013, Hawkins deleted Facebook content from early 2012 through February 2013. Def.'s Mot. 4–5; Pl.'s Dep. 312:2–7. The magistrate judge found the destroyed evidence to be relevant, a conclusion that neither party has objected to. It is against this background that the court considers the College's objections. A. Duty to Preserve Evidence The College argues that the magistrate judge erred in concluding that Hawkins's duty to preserve did not arise in February 2010 because litigation was not foreseeable. Def.'s Objections 2–3. A party has a duty to preserve evidence during litigation and at any time “before the litigation when a party reasonably should know that evidence may be relevant to anticipated litigation.” Silvestri, 271 F.3d at 591. “When litigation is ‘reasonably foreseeable’ is a flexible fact-specific standard that allows a district court to exercise the discretion necessary to confront the myriad factual situations inherent in the spoliation inquiry.” Micron Tech., Inc. v. Rambus Inc., 645 F.3d 1311, 1320 (Fed.Cir.2011). The parties argue at length about whether litigation was foreseeable when Hawkins began deleting Facebook content between March and June 2010. For the purposes of this motion, the court will assume, without deciding, that Hawkins had a duty to preserve evidence beginning in February 2010 when he contacted the ACLU regarding “a possible discrimination case.” See Def.'s Mot. Ex. A. B. Grounds for Dismissal The College next argues that the magistrate judge erred in failing to recognize the existence of two grounds for dismissal: that Hawkins's intentional destruction of evidence was (1) done in bad faith and (2) deprived the College of the opportunity to adequately defend itself against Hawkins's claims. Def.'s Objections 5, 10. “[T]o justify the harsh sanction of dismissal, the district court must consider both the spoliator's conduct and the prejudice caused and be able to conclude either (1) that the spoliator's conduct was so egregious as to amount to forfeiture of his claim, or (2) that the effect of the spoliator's conduct was so prejudicial that it substantially denied the defendant the ability to defend the claim.” Silvestri, 271 F.3d at 593. Dismissal should be imposed only if “a lesser sanction will [not] perform the necessary function.” King v. Am. Power Conversion Corp., 181 Fed. App'x 373, 376 (4th Cir.2006) (unpublished) (citing Silvestri, 271 F.3d at 590). *4 Courts in the Fourth Circuit classify a party's culpability for document destruction in one of four categories according to a fact-specific inquiry. These categories are negligence, gross negligence, willfulness, and bad faith. Victor v. Stanley, Inc. v. Creative Pipe, Inc., 269 F.R.D. 497, 529–30 (D.Md.2010). Willful destruction of documents is “intentional, purposeful, or deliberate conduct.” Id. at 530. “Bad faith spoliation is even more egregious than willful destruction of evidence.” Grayson Consulting, Inc. v. Cathcart, No. 2:07–cv–02992, 2013 WL 3946203, at *8 n. 1 (D.S.C. July 31, 2013). For bad faith destruction of evidence, “the party must have willfully destroyed the evidence with the intention of depriving its opponent of the evidence.” Id. “Prejudice can range along a continuum from an inability to prove claims or defenses to little or no impact on the presentation of proof.” Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc. v. Cammarata, 688 F.Supp.2d 598, 613 (S.D.Tex.2010). Irreparable prejudice has been found when the destroyed evidence was “central to the claim” and left “no adequate means to defend against the claims at issue.” King, 181 Fed. App'x at 378. To conclude that there was sufficient prejudice to warrant dismissal, “the Court must examine the record that remains to determine whether it contains enough data” for the aggrieved case to build its defense. Erie Ins. Exch. v. Davenport Insulation, Inc., 659 F.Supp.2d 701, 707 (D.Md.2009). It is undisputed that Hawkins willfully deleted his Facebook activity. However, dismissal requires more. The court will analyze each of the three spoliation incidents for indications of bad faith and prejudice. 1. First Spoliation Incident The first incident involved evidence destruction between late March and June of 2010. Over this period, Hawkins deleted online content from his time as a student at the College. The College argues that Hawkins acted in bad faith in deleting this online activity. According to Hawkins, he deleted online activity from his time in college because he “wanted to forget what happened” and “couldn't deal with everything.” Pl.'s Dep. 320:4–25. Hawkins's time in college, as laid out above, was traumatic. He was a teenager at this point in time. There can be little doubt that Hawkins thought he had a valid reason to delete his Facebook activity—to rid his online profile of a painful time in his life—and that his motive was not to deprive the College of evidence. Additionally, although Hawkins could arguably foresee litigation at that time he made these deletions, he could not foresee that Facebook content would play a part in the litigation. Pl.'s Resp. 7. Facebook had not formed a basis for, or evidence in support of, his removal from campus housing.[2] Therefore, for the first incident of spoliation, there is not sufficient evidence that Hawkins “destroyed the evidence with the intention of depriving [the College] of the evidence.” Grayson, 2013 WL 3946203, at *8 n. 1. *5 The College also argues that dismissal is proper because Hawkins's first incident of spoliation denied it the opportunity to adequately defend the case. The College asserts that the deleted Facebook activity was “central to the College's defense of the action and substantially impair[s] its defense that Hawkins was unable to function as a resident in the College's dormitories, and that he was a danger to himself and others.” Def.'s Objections 10. According to the College, “the best evidence of Hawkins's alleged disability, his actions at the College, the risks he posed to himself, the risks he posed to other students, and his firsthand accounts of his seven months living in the College's housing are now gone forever.” Def.'s Objections 11. The court is not persuaded by the College's argument that its defense depends on evidence acquired after Hawkins was removed from campus housing. Hawkins was not removed from campus housing because of any of his online activity. Again, while the first incident report mentions Facebook briefly, there is no reference to Facebook in any other incident report or the letter evicting Hawkins from campus housing. See supra note 2. If Facebook activity was necessary to prove evidence of disability and risk to others, the College would have reviewed Hawkins's online profile prior to removing him from campus housing. The fact that it apparently did not suggests that such information was not central to its case. The College can still defend this case with the evidence it used to decide to remove Hawkins from campus housing, including information contained in the incident reports and testimony from Hawkins's fellow residents. The record “contain[s] enough data” for the College to build its defense. Victor Stanley, 269 F.R.D. at 534. Therefore, content of Hawkins's Facebook page is not so central to the case that its destruction “substantially denied the defendant the ability to defend the claim.” Silvestri, 271 F.3d at 593 (emphasis added). Because it was not undertaken in bad faith and did not result in substantial prejudice, Hawkins's first incident of spoliation does not justify dismissal. 2. Second and Third Spoliation Incidents The remaining incidents of spoliation, which occurred in late 2012 and early 2013 and concern deletion of online activity from early 2012 through February 2013, are more troublesome. The court will assume, without deciding, that this evidence was destroyed in bad faith since it was destroyed in the midst of litigation and Hawkins had notice that the College was interested in his Facebook activity. However, even if Hawkins destroyed this evidence in bad faith, the prejudicial effect on the College is so low that dismissal is not a proper remedy. This court has held dismissal to be an inappropriate sanction even where a spoliator has acted in bad faith. See Nucor Corp. v. Bell, 251 F.R.D. 191, 201 (D.S.C.2008). This is true especially when the prejudicial effect of spoliation is low. Id. (holding that defendant's spoliation “did not make it impossible for plaintiff to prosecute its claims” and therefore default judgment was not an appropriate sanction). If the aggrieved party still has “considerable evidence available to support its [claim],” the court should avoid the “extreme sanction” of dismissal. Id. *6 The online content deleted in the second and third spoliation incidents was created beginning almost two years after the incident at issue in this case. The deleted Facebook activity is not central to the circumstances surrounding Hawkins's removal from campus housing two years earlier. Regardless, even without this evidence the College still has “considerable evidence” available to support its defense—as discussed above, it has all of the evidence supporting its decision to remove Hawkins from campus housing in the first place. Deletion of online content created almost two years after that removal has not made it impossible for the College to show that “that Hawkins was unable to function as a resident in the College's dormitories, and that he was a danger to himself and others.” See Def.'s Objections 10. Because any resulting prejudice to the College is extremely low, Hawkins's second and third incidents of spoliation do not justify the harsh sanction of dismissal. D. Adequacy of Lesser Sanctions The College argues that the magistrate judge erred in concluding that lesser sanctions, other than dismissal, are sufficient to address and remedy Hawkins's intentional destruction of evidence. Def.'s Objections 12. Dismissal should be avoided if a lesser sanctions will perform the necessary prophylactic, punitive, and remedial functions underlying the spoliation doctrine. Silvestri, 271 F.3d at 590. A proper sanction serves the purposes of “leveling the evidentiary playing field” and “sanctioning the improper conduct.” Vodusek v. Bayliner Marine Corp.,71 F.3d 148, 156 (4th Cir.1995). One such lesser sanction available would be an adverse inference instruction, which “informs a jury that it may ‘draw adverse inferences from ... the destruction of evidence’ by assuming that failure to preserve was because the spoliator was aware that the evidence would have been detrimental.” Victor Stanley, 269 F.R.D. at 535 (citing Vodusek, 71 F.3d at 156). Many courts have noted that an adverse inference instruction is a heavy sanction. One court discussed the effect of an adverse inference charge: In practice, an adverse inference instruction often ends litigation—it is too difficult a hurdle for the spoliator to overcome. The in terrorem effect of an adverse inference charge is obvious. When a jury is instructed that it may infer that the party who destroyed potentially relevant evidence did so out of a realization that [the evidence] was unfavorable, the party suffering the instruction will be hard-pressed to prevail on the merits. Accordingly, the adverse inference instruction is an extreme sanction and should not be given lightly. Zubulake v. UBS Warburg LLC (“Zubulake IV”), 220 F.R.D. 212, 219–20 (S.D.N.Y.2003) (internal quotations omitted). This court has found an adverse inference instruction appropriate where the spoliator acted in bad faith. See Nucor, 251 F.R.D. at 202. However, in the Fourth Circuit a court “must only find that the spoliator acted willfully in the destruction of evidence.” Goodman, 632 F.Supp.2d at 519 (citing Vodusek, 71 F.3d at 156 (“While a finding of bad faith suffices to permit such an [adverse] inference, it is not always necessary.”)). *7 The court need not, on this motion to dismiss, determine whether an adverse inference instruction is appropriate in this case. The court is, however, satisfied that a lesser sanction would perform the necessary functions of spoliation doctrine—deterring future spoliators, punishing Hawkins's improper conduct, and leveling the evidentiary playing field. Because a lesser sanction is adequate, dismissal of this case is inappropriate. IV. CONCLUSION Based on the foregoing, the court ACCEPTS the magistrate judge's R & R and DENIES defendant's motion to dismiss. AND IT IS SO ORDERED. REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF MAGISTRATE JUDGE BRUCE HOWE HENDRICKS, United States Magistrate Judge. This matter is before the Court on the defendant's motion to dismiss. [Doc. 37.] The plaintiff alleges claims for discrimination in violation of Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12131 et seq.; 28 C.F.R. Part 35 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation act of 1973; 34 C.F.R. Part 104; and the Fair Housing Amendments Act, 42 U.S.C. § 3601 et seq. Pursuant to the provisions of Title 28, United States Code, Section 636(b)(1)(A), and Local Rule 73.02(B)(2)(g), D.S.C., all pretrial matters in employment discrimination cases are referred to a United States Magistrate Judge for consideration. FACTUAL BACKGROUND The plaintiff is a male allegedly living with cystic fibrosis, anxiety, and depression. During all relevant times, from Fall 2009 until his eviction from campus housing, the plaintiff was enrolled, with the defendant, as a student receiving room and board, on scholarship. While enrolled as a student, the defendant, through its agents, allegedly discovered that the plaintiff may have been cutting himself. The Resident Hall, Director Margaret Travis, prepared three incident reports with regards to the plaintiff and his alleged behavior, which raised questions about his fitness to live in resident housing. Notwithstanding, the plaintiff's medical provider certified to the defendant that the plaintiff's depression was under control and that he was not suicidal. (Pl.Ex. B at 53.) But, after receiving complaints from other students about being uncomfortable living with the plaintiff, and after the plaintiff had been transported by EMS on January 31, 2010 and February 9, 2010, the defendant is alleged to have evicted the plaintiff from the residence hall, February 10, 2010. The Vice President of Student Affairs upheld the decision on February 12, 2010. (Pl.Ex. G.) As a result, the plaintiff allegedly could not continue enrollment at the college, lost his scholarships, and was unable to complete his education with the defendant. The defendant alleges that during all relevant times the plaintiff had an active Facebook account, on which he has admitted to posting details about his life, including his mental health (Pl. Dep. at 337–38). The plaintiff, however, has also admitted to intentionally deleting nearly all such content. The defendant seeks dismissal for the destruction of evidence. DISCUSSION *8 The defendant contends that the plaintiff's case should be dismissed for his spoliation of evidence. The Court disagrees that dismissal is an appropriate sanction under the circumstances. Spoliation is the “destruction or material alteration of evidence or ... the failure to preserve property for another's use as evidence in pending or reasonably foreseeable litigation.” Silvestri v. General Motors Corp., 271 F.3d 583, 590 (4th Cir.2001) (citing West v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 167 F.3d 776, 779 (2d Cir.1999)). The Court's ability to impose sanctions for spoliation stems from its “inherent power to control the judicial process and litigation.” Id. The power “is limited to that necessary to redress conduct ‘which abuses the judicial process.’ “ Id.(quoting Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 45–46, 111 S.Ct. 2123, 115 L.Ed.2d 27 (1991)). Accordingly, “ ‘the applicable sanction should be molded to serve the prophylactic, punitive, and remedial rationales underlying the spoliation doctrine.’ “ Id. (quoting West, 167 F.3d at 779). The district court has “broad discretion in choosing an appropriate sanction for spoliation” and the court's decision is reviewed on appeal for abuse of discretion. Id. Sanctionable spoliation requires evidence of three elements: “(1) that the party having control over the evidence had an obligation to preserve it at the time it was destroyed; (2) that the records were destroyed ‘with a culpable state of mind’; and (3) that the destroyed evidence was ‘relevant’ to the party's claim or defense such that a reasonable trier of fact could find that it would support that claim or defense.” Cytec Carbon Fibers, LLC v. Hopkins,2012 WL 6044778, at *2 (D.S.C. Oct.22, 2012) (citing Residential Funding Corp. v. DeGeorge Fin. Corp., 306 F.3d 99, 107–108 (2d. Cir.2002). Critically, a party has a duty to preserve evidence during litigation and at any time “before the litigation when a party reasonably should know that the evidence may be relevant to anticipated litigation.” See Silvestri, 271 F.3d at 591. Truthfully, the extent to which spoliation is actually present is somewhat a collateral issue. Reasonably, the defendant has only now asked for dismissal of the case based on spoliation and not any lesser sanction. As the Honorable David C. Norton has noted, “[S]poliation is not a substantive claim or defense but a ‘rule of evidence,’ and thus is ‘administered at the discretion of the trial court.’ ” David C. Norton, et al., Fifty Shades of Sanctions: What Hath the Goldsmith's Apprentice Wrought?, 64 S.C.L.R. 459, 466–68 (2013). The ultimate evidentiary effects of the plaintiff's spoliation, if any, therefore, are down the road, so to speak, whether in jury charge or elsewhere, so long as dismissal is not now appropriate. So, the Court could, in essence, presume, without deciding, the presence of spoliation, as alleged, and consider, in isolation, any recommendation on whether the evidence presently supports a drastic remedy in dismissal. But, for precaution, the Court would say some about whether spoliation has actually occurred. *9 There are three alleged incidents of spoliation. The first occurred over “several days” between “March to late June” 2010 (“2010 Incident”). (Pl. Dep. at 324–26.) During this time frame, the plaintiff is alleged to have deleted Facebook content, from August 2009 through February 2010. (Pl. Dep. at 337–38.) Second, the defendant contends that sometime in February 2013, the plaintiff deleted all Facebook content from roughly early 2012 through February 2013. (Pl. Dep. at 312.) Lastly, the defendant contends that the plaintiff at some other time continued to delete Facebook content from early 2012 through October 29, 2012. It is not entirely clear to the Court why the last two incidents are not overlapping or redundant, but as will be discussed, it is of no consequence for purposes of the present motion. There is some disagreement over whether the 2010 Incident satisfies the first spoliation element. The defendant contends that the plaintiff's duty to preserve the Facebook content was implicated as of the alleged spoliation, in March to June 2010, because the plaintiff had already contacted the ACLU, on February 24, 2010, for discrimination against him on account of his disability. The Court need not decide it. Whether or not the plaintiff was under a duty to preserve the account content, in June of 2010, the February 2013 Incident plainly satisfies all three spoliation criteria. The plaintiff admits that he deleted the 2012 Facebook content because his account had allegedly been hacked numerous times. (R. at 312.) He concedes that he deleted the content of his own initiative and intentionally. Id. Critically, this case was filed in February 2012. [Doc. 1.] Under federal common law, a party who reasonably anticipates litigation has a duty to preserve material evidence that may be relevant to the litigation. Silvestri, 271 F.3d at 591 (citing Kronisch v. United States, 150 F.3d 112, 126 (2d Cir.1998)). Moreover, sometime around the possible time of deletion, the parties were actively negotiating the delivery of such content, even to the point of Court Order, requiring the same. [Doc. 33.] The plaintiff's duty to preserve had clearly been implicated. The plaintiff complains that, notwithstanding his intentional deletion under circumstances where preservation was required, the content was not relevant. This is not a reasonable view. For starters, and as the defendant emphasizes, the destruction of the evidence itself raises a presumption of relevance that has not been rebutted. See Cytec Carbon Fibers LLC, 2012 WL 6044778, at *3. Secondarily, the plaintiff has admitted that he discussed his alleged depression, anxiety, and disability in the deleted material. (Pl. Dep. at 337–38.) His emotional well-being and health are squarely at issue in this case, even if it were not the core basis of any claim or decision of the defendant to evict him. The parties have also debated the content's relevance in light of the balancing test inherent in the Rules of Evidence. But, whether any particular element of the online content would have ultimately been admissible seems somewhat beside the point. Indeed, because it no longer exists, that question can hardly be asked. And, so whether any part of that content may have hypothetically proven too prejudicial to be heard at trial does not make that same corpus of theoretical evidence legally irrelevant now for purposes of analyzing whether its still, in total, the type of information that might have reasonably reflected on the claims and defenses at issue in this case such that it should not have been destroyed. It is. *10 Although there is some split of authority, other courts have viewed Facebook and personal, online content relevant where mental health is at issue. “[W]here a plaintiff puts [his] emotional well-being at issue when asserting claims of ... discrimination as in this action, some courts have found that ‘Facebook usage depicts a snapshot of the user's relationships and state of mind at the time of the content's posting.’ “ Reid v. Ingerman Smith LLP, 2012 WL 6720752, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Dec.27, 2012) (quoting Bass v. Miss Porter's School, 2009 WL 3724968, at *1 (D.Conn.2009). “It is reasonable to expect severe emotional or mental injury to manifest itself in some SNS content, and an examination of that content might reveal whether onset occurred, when, and the degree of distress.” E.E.O.C. v. Simply Storage Management, LLC, 270 F.R.D. 430, 435 (S.D.Ind.2010); see also Robinson v. Jones Lang LaSalle Ams., Inc., 2012 WL 3763545, at *1 (D.Or. Aug.29, 2012) (finding it “reasonable to expect severe emotional or mental injury to manifest itself in some social media content”); Sourdiff v. Texas Roadhouse Holdings, LLC, 2011 WL 7560647, at *1 (N.D.N.Y. Oct.24, 2011) (directing plaintiff to produce social networking information related in any way to her emotional or mental state). The plaintiff contends that the representations of the plaintiff's medical provider, Dr. Ranjay Halder, somehow establish indisputably that the plaintiff could function autonomously, was not suicidal, and, therefore, that he should not have been removed from the residence. But, Dr. Halder's view is not legally impenetrable. Certainly the defendant is permitted opposition evidence. The Facebook content, in part, may have qualified. Spoliation is present. The issue of remedy, however, remains. “If spoliation has occurred, then a court may impose a [wide] variety of sanctions, ranging from dismissal or judgment by default, preclusion of evidence, imposition of an adverse inference, or assessment of attorney's fees and costs.” Goodman v. Praxair Servs., Inc. 632 F.Supp.2d 494, 506 (D.Md.2009). Rule 37 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure lays out a host of possible penalties, which include directing that facts be taken as true for purposes of the action, prohibiting the disobedient party from supporting or opposing claims or defenses, striking pleadings, staying the proceedings, dismissing the action, rendering a default judgment, or treating the disobedience as contempt of court. Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(b)(2)(A). The Honorable David C. Norton has summarized this Circuit's view of the law of spoliation as it relates to high sanction: The harsher sanctions of dismissal and default judgment require a showing of “bad faith or other ‘like action,’ ” unless the spoliation was so prejudicial that it prevents the non-spoliating party from maintaining his case. See Silvestri, 271 F.3d at 583 (quoting Cole v. Keller Indus., Inc., 132 F.3d 1044, 1047 (4th Cir.1998)); David C. Norton, et al., Fifty Shades of Sanctions: What Hath the Goldsmith's Apprentice Wrought?, 64 S.C.L.R. 459, 466–68 (2013). *11 ... Courts in the Fourth Circuit classify a party's culpability for document destruction in one of four categories according to a fact-specific inquiry. Those categories are negligence, gross negligence, willfulness, and bad faith. Victor Stanley, Inc. v. Creative Pipe, Inc., 269 F.R.D. 497, 529–30 (D.Md.2010). The sanctions that Grayson seeks require a showing of willful or bad faith behavior, or that Vision's behavior was so prejudicial as to effectively deny Grayson the ability to maintain its claims. Id. at 534–36. Willful destruction of documents is “intentional, purposeful, or deliberate conduct.” Id. at 530. For spoliation to be willful, the party must have intended to destroy the evidence. Id. Bad faith spoliation is even more egregious than willful destruction of evidence. For bad faith destruction of evidence, the party must have willfully destroyed the evidence with the intention of depriving its opponent of the evidence. Id.; Norton, Fifty Shades of Sanctions, supra, at 467. Grayson Consulting, Inc. v. Cathcart, 2013 WL 3946203, at *7 & n. 1 (D.S.C. July 31, 2013) (emphasis added). The plaintiff's conduct, here, was admittedly willful, as defined by this District and Circuit. But, to the Court, the evidence stops short of “bad faith.” By even the defendant's own account, the plaintiff had engaged in an ongoing patter, albeit unwise, of purposeful deletion of his account, long before a lay person might have been aware of the types of duties actual litigation would impose. There is no evidence that any particular destruction of content was done for the sole purpose of depriving the defendants of such content. Id. Certainly, some of the timing is suspicious. But, dismissal is a harsh remedy. And, the Court would agree with the plaintiff's relevancy argument, in this respect. The lawsuit is not about the plaintiff's online conduct. He was not removed from the residence hall for any online behavior or content. The content is not alleged to form any of the bases for the defendant's decision regarding the plaintiff. That his online activity might now reinform some of the parties' view of that time frame is conceded. But, that does not make such content so central to the case that it's destruction renders any prosecution, and concomitantly, any defense, impossible for the prejudice caused. Some other remedies, not at issue now, are available including jury instruction and pleading modification. But, dismissal is too far. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Wherefore, based upon the foregoing, it is RECOMMENDED that the defendant's motion to dismiss [Doc. 37] should be DENIED. IT IS SO RECOMMENDED. Footnotes [1] Hawkins also brought claims for a violation of the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 and for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Hawkins stipulated to the dismissal of both claims, and the court subsequently dismissed them. ECF No. 13. [2] The first incident report does mention Facebook briefly. Pl.'s Resp. Ex. A (stating that another resident of the dormitory was concerned with comments and posts and Hawkins's Facebook page). However, there is no reference to Facebook in any other incident report or the letter evicting Hawkins from campus housing. See Pl.'s Resp. Exs. B, C, and G.